postcolonialism

Also known as theory refers to aset of theories in philosophy and literature that grapple with the legacy of colonial rule .As aliterary theory or critical approach , it deals with literature produced in countries that were once colonies , especially the European colonial powers Britain ,France and Spain in some context ,it may include also countries when they were still colonies .It may also deal with literature written in or by citizens of colonizing countries that takes colonies or their peoples as its subject mattre .

Feminism can be described as an organized movement of social theories , moral philosophies ,economic and political thought ,all focused on the liberation of women from a percieved subordination to men . many feminists are concerned with practices and social ,political,inequalities that discriminate against women .some have argued that gendered and sexed indentities ,even "man" and "woman" ,are socially constructed..
FEMINIST THEORY aims to understand the nature of inequality and focuses on gender politics ,power relations and sexuality .while generally providing a critique of social relations ,much of feminist theory also focuses on analyzing gender inequality and promotion of women's rights ,interest ,and issues,
themes exploed in feminism include discrimination ,sterotyping ,objectification (especially sexual objectification),opprssion,and patriarchy.
Modern Feminist political activates commonly campaign for women's human right to bodily integrity and autonomy on matters such as reproductive rights ,including the right to abortion ,accessto contraception and quality prenatal care :for protection from violence within a domestic partnership against sexual harassment ,street harassment ,and rape,for workplace rights inclding maternity leave and eqal pay ,and agains all other forms of sex-based discrimination.

according to marxists , and to other scholars in fact , literature reflects those social institutions out of which it emerges and is itself a social instituation with a particular ideological function . literature reflects class strugle and materialism :think how often the quest for wealth traditionally defines characters . so marxists generally view literature "not as works created in accordance with timeless artistic criteria , but as 'products' of tge economic and ideological determinants specific to that era ". literature reflects an author 's own class or analysis of class relations , however piercing or shallow that analysis may be .
Marxism is referred to the philosophical thoughts and political actions of both karl marx (1818-1883) and friedrich englels (1820-1895) . Any political practice or theory that is based on an interpretation of the works of marx and engels (including the later communist parties and communist states ,as well as academic research across many fields ) may be termed marxism

post_structural practices generally operate on some basic assumptions :
post_structuralists hold that the concept of "self" as sigular and coherent entity is a fictional construct.
instead ,an individual comprises conflicting tensions and knowledge claims e.g. gender,class ,porffession ,etc .
therefore ,to properly study a text a reader must understand how the work is relatd to her own personal concept of self .
this self_perception play a critical role in one interpretation of meaning . while different thinkers views on the self or the subject vary ,it is often said to be constitude by discourse . lacan accoount includes a psychoanalytic dimension , while foucault stresses the effects of power on the self.


the meaning the author intended is secondary to the meaning that the reader percieves post_structuralism rejects the idea of a idea of a literary text having a single purpose ,a single meaning or one singular existence.

psychological

modernism describe aseries of reforming culture movements in art and architecture ,music ,literature and the applied arts which emerged roughly in the period of 1884_1914.the term covers many political ,cultural and artistic movements rrooted in the changes in western society at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth century.it is a trend of thought that affirms the power of human being to create ,and reshape their enviroment ,with the aid of scientific knowledge ,technology and practial experimention. postmodernism is a term appllied to a wide_ranging set of development in critical theory ,philosophy ,architecture , art ,literature ,and culture ,which are generally characterized as either emerging from , in reaction to ,or superseding ,modernism .postmodernism was originally a reaction to modernism )not necessarily "post" inthe purely temporal sense of "after").largely influenced by the disillusionment induced by the second world war,postmodernism tends to refer to acultural ,intellectual ,or artistic state lacking a clear central hierarchy or organizing principle and embodying exterme complexity, contradiction, diversity ,and interconnectedness or interreferetiality.

post_structural practices generally operate on some basic assumptions :post_structuralists hold that the concept of "self" as sigular and coherent entity is a fictional construct. instead ,an individual comprises conflicting tensions and knowledge claims e.g. gender,class ,porffession ,etc .therefore ,to properly study a text a reader must understand how the work is relatd to her own personal concept of self .this self_perception play a critical role in one interpretation of meaning . while different thinkers views on the self or the subject vary ,it is often said to be constitude by discourse . lacan accoount includes a psychoanalytic dimension , while foucault stresses the effects of power on the self. the meaning the author intended is secondary to the meaning that the reader percieves post_structuralism rejects the idea of a idea of a literary text having a single purpose ,a single meaning or one singular existence

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structuralism in literary theory and literary criticism

in literary theory structuralism is an approach to analyzing the narrative material by examining the underlying invariant structure . for example , aliterary critic applying a structuralist literary theory might say that the authors of the west side story did not write anything really new , because their work has the same structure as shakespeare romeo and juliet . In both texts a girl and a boy fall in love aformula with a symbolic operator between them would be boy + girl despite the fact that they belong ti two groups hate each other boys group -girls group or opposing forces and conflict is resolved by their death.

structuralistic literary criticism argues that the novelty value of a literary text can lie only in new structure , rather than in the specific of character development and voice in which that strctuer iszay expressed .